SCHEDULE AT-A-GLANCE
Tuesday, March 8 (APAC time zone friendly) | |
18:00 – 19:30 PDT (UTC-7) | Keynote Sessions |
19:30 – 19:45 PDT (UTC-7) | Break |
19:45 – 21:00 PDT (UTC-7) | Keynote Sessions Resume |
Wednesday, March 9 (North America time zone friendly) | |
09:00 – 10:30 PDT (UTC-7) | Keynote Sessions |
10:30 – 10:45 PDT (UTC-7) | Break |
10:45 – 12:00 PDT (UTC-7) | Keynote Sessions Resume |
| 12:00 – 13:00 PDT (UTC-7) 15:00 – 16:00 EDT (UTC-4) 21:00 – 22:00 CEST (UTC+2) 03:00 – 04:00 CST (UTC+8) (Thursday) | Lunch Talk |
| 13:00 – 15:00 PDT (UTC-7) 16:00 – 18:00 EDT (UTC-4) 22:00 – 0:00 CEST (UTC+2) (Thursday) 04:00 – 06:00 CST (UTC+8) (Thursday) | Keynote Sessions Resume |
Thursday,March 10 (EMEA time zone friendly) | |
07:00 – 08:30 PDT (UTC-7) | Keynote Sessions |
08:30 – 08:45 PDT (UTC-7) | Break |
08:45 – 10:00 PDT (UTC-7) | Keynote Sessions Resume |
TIME ZONE, COLOR KEY | |
| PST (UTC-8) | Pacific Standard Time North America |
| EST (UTC-5) | Eastern Standard Time North America, Caribbean, Central America |
| CET (UTC+1) | Central European Time Europe, Africa |
| CST (UTC+8) | China Standard Time Asia |
| Indicates live on Wed (2nd day) at HanaHaus in Palo Alto |
Summary
› Agenda:- R6/7 planning, 2022 priorities for the community, labs, developer sync-up
> Interested Topics:
- Metaverse (Edge AI, AR/VR, ...) (Interested parties: IBM, Yishi, Baidu, Tencent, ...)
- Private 5G (Interested parties: Juniper, Arm, ...)
- Automation (Interested parties: Google, ...)
- Security (reliability, resilience, privacy, ...) (Interested parties: ByteDance, Google, ...)
- Robotics (Interested parties: Fujitsu, Ritsumeikan University
, ) - DPU/IPU (Interested parties: F5, SOCNOC, Jaguar Micro...)
- DigitalTwin (Interested parties: Dell, Aveva, ...)
- CNF (Interested parties: F5, ...)
- Synergy of the blueprints (Interested parties: Alicon, )
- ...
› Dates: March 1st to 3rd, 2022
> All the time mentioned here is PT, California time.
> Speakers please upload the presentation before the meeting starts.
> Akraino PowerPoint/Google Slides Template
Meeting Agenda Lead: Tina Tsou, Akraino TSC Chair
Please submit any questions about this event to tsc@lists.akraino.org in the #akraino channel on https://slack.lfedge.org/
Meeting Recordings
- Day 1: TBD Kendall Perez
- Day 2: TBD Kendall Perez
- Day 3: TBD Kendall Perez
Dates and Location:
To
Draft Agenda:
Tuesday,
Meeting Location:
Registration: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScKufCsrkubq8LNoqqu_l9pqytE2Anr24BDT6e1Ihplfb3iNA/viewform
Address: B2-201, Kexing Science Park, Nanshan District, ShenZhen, China
Zoom link -- please share with your friends and colleagues : https://zoom.us/j/95839816630?pwd=QnV6STRWemkwY2d4K3BpNzVjZll0Zz09
Live Steaming:
WeOpen Day Online
Use WeChat scan the QR code
Meeting Poster (China time)：
Meeting Recording - Day 1:
Time | Topics |
6:00 pm - 6:05 pm | |
6:05 pm -6:30 pm | Intro of the NextArch Foundation Mark Shan has a long career and practical experience in cloud-native, microservices, big data, edge computing, and open-source ecosystem. As the chairperson of Tencent Open Source Alliance, he works full of passion to build the ecosystem for Tencent Open Source and makes great efforts to accelerate innovation in technology and product with the open-source way. At Tencent Cloud, Mark leads the open-source team and works with organizations and communities including Apache Software Foundation, Linux Foundation, Open Atom Foundation, CAICT, COPU and others to build open-source ecosystem. He is also the observer of Linux Foundation Board, chairperson of TARS Foundation, TOC member of the NextArch Foundation, Open Atom Foundation and Magnolia Open Source Community, TSC member of Akraino Edge Stack, fellow of China Cloud Native Industry Alliance, advisor of Open Source Community. |
6:30 pm - 7:10 pm talk 7:10 pm - 7:20 pm Q&A | Title of Talk: The Design and Applications of Baetyl Speaker: Leding Li, Baidu Bio: LI Leding is the Principal Architect of Baidu Cloud IoT, Chair of Baetyl project and also serves as member of Linux Foundation Edge Technical Advisory Council. He joined Baidu in 2010, and takes responsibility of R&D in Edge computing, 5G and Internet of Things. In previous roles at Baidu, he was the lead architect for Baidu Open Search, and has worked extensively on the SOA framework of both Spider and Indexer of Baidu Search. |
7:20 pm - 7:45 pm | Speech Title: CNF Architectures for Edge and Dataplane |
07:45pm 08:15pm 08:15pm 08:30pm | "Cuublemesh" (Web multi node/multi chain ) Platform - Digital Provenance System. Implementation of ZTA (Zero-trust Architecture), with IDM, OSS, PKI in a Service-mesh configuration for online infrastructures, Telco & Cloud Providers deploying Cloud Native Technologies. Speaker: @Alan Lloyd , Director, CIO, Co-founder, Cuublemesh, Alan Lloyd has a long experience from participating on and contributing to the work at the OSI groups, the ITU on x500, 509, x700 chair, worked with allied defence on similar systems and standards .. and these standards are foundational in modern day trusted information systems and the ZTA agenda.. Q&A |
8:30 pm - 9:30 pm | Lunch break |
| 9:30 pm - 9:50 pm | |
| 9:50 pm-10:20 pm | XPU Based Cloud Native Server: Architecture Implementation & Applications. In this talk, Dr. Leo (Fu Li) will give an overview of data fabric landscape from chiplet to cloud. Then Dr. Li will introduce PCIe-based XPU to solve the REAL problem datacenter faced in nowadays. After the architecture, Dr. Li will present a new PCIe-linked (or UCIe-linked) clustered server design and the online demo Socnoc hosted. IEC Type 5: SmartNIC for Integrated Edge Cloud (IEC) Blueprint Family BIO:
Leo Li, Principal Architect and CTO of Socnoc AI Inc. Dr. Li has great experience in HPC,GPU and networking architecture for more than 15 years. Dr. Li developed the world fastest CPU and GPU-based named data networking (NDN, or ICN), the next-generation decentralized network architecture. Now Dr. Li start new journey with data switching processor (XPU) to consolidate the network protocol TCP/IP with PCIe and CXL to provide the best solution for composable and networked infrastructure. |
| 10:20 pm - 10:40 pm | Next Generation Arm Server Performance Analysis For Robox BasedCloud Game Davy Zhang ,Y-semi computing Presented LIVE at Y-Semi |
| 10:40 pm - 11:00 pm | Speech Title: China Unicom 5G MEC Practice and Plan for the Future
|
| 11:00 pm-11:20 pm | Topic: Introduction of Edgegallery - open-source MEC platform Speaker: Kanagaraj Manickam
Bio: Kanagaraj is working in Huawei as Lead architect in cloud and edge computing across different open-source communities includes Linux foundation Anuket, ONAP and TMForum. He has given various tech talk international conference in VNF, CNF orchestration and automation. Prior to that he was working in Openstack |
Wednesday,
Meeting Location:
Registration: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScKufCsrkubq8LNoqqu_l9pqytE2Anr24BDT6e1Ihplfb3iNA/viewform
*UPDATED* Live Stream Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUUuBJBoVJk
Where: HanaHaus + Blue Bottle Coffee (see "Live Site Info" below)
Address: 456 University Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94301
websites: HanaHaus (click on Palo Alto), bluebottlecoffee.com
Parking
1) There is a parking lot right in the back of the HanaHaus building with 2 hour free parking, at the corner of Hamilton Ave & Cowper St.
2) There is a nearby garage in between Cowper St & Webster St that provides 3 hour free parking. The garage also has a machine to purchase a day permit for $25.
3) Palo Alto City Parking: https://www.cityofpaloalto.org/Departments/Transportation/Parking/Visitors/All-Day-Visitor-Parking-Permits
Zoom link -- please share with your friends and colleagues : https://zoom.us/j/95839816630?pwd=QnV6STRWemkwY2d4K3BpNzVjZll0Zz09
Meeting Recording - Day 2:
Time Zone: All times below are US Pacific Time Zone
Time | Topics |
| 9:00 am - 10:00 am | Privacy Preserving Technologies and Open Source Projects: Challenges and Opportunities Wenhui Zhang, Linux Kernel Software Engineer, ByteDance Chinmay, Tech Lead of PipelineDP, OpenMined In this presentation, we review the current privacy preserving technologies, which enable Federated Learning. We also summarize the popular open source projects which implements these privacy preserving technologies, discuss their pros and cons for Edge based Federated Learning. In the end, we review both current and in progress standard, regulations and law for privacy preserved data collection and analytics, and discuss challenges and opportunities for applying and using the above open source projects in production. Technology Stack we will cover is listed as below:
Presented LIVE at HanaHaus and Online |
| 10:00 am - 10:45 am | Private 5G (PNI-NPN/SNPN) Standard 3GPP defined Architecture specification and defined UCs/KIs (Use cases/Key Issues) and related Solutions The presentation will apply E2E approach and briefly touched upon the Ph. 1 Specificationson the so called "Private 5G" (PNI-NPN/SNPN), but extend the Standard specification scope by adding the enhancements related interaction between Public and Non-Public 5G Networks (NPN/SNPN), UA (Unified Access), MA (Multi-Access), CN & RAN interaction for QoS for PDU sessions, Transpot Network (TN), Enhancements (IAB & CHO, Positioning/Location fusion), 5G Architecture enhancements for developing Applications on "the Edge", "5G Advanced" specified enhancements on "Slicing", and if there might be time, to touch upon the work initiated in Dec., 2021-Jan., 2022 on the coming Private 5G, Ph. 2 enhancements for 5G Advanced release specifications. Ike Alisson , Alicon SE, Akraino TSC member
Bio: Ike Alisson has competence and experience from Sales of complete Cellular Network Systems and Mobile Internet Platform, Telecom Data Platforms, New Account Management, Deployment of New/Pioneering Technologies/ Platforms, Strategic Partnerships, Solution Management of New Services running on 5G (SBA & NSA/LTE), CIoT with ETSI SAREF), IIoT, Global Standard oneM2M IoT SL (Service Layer) Platform with ETSI SAREF and SmartM2M, ETSI MEC, TM Forum ODA (Open Digital Architecture), AI/ML on the Edge Services, Digital Twin/Cybertwin. He has 3GPP approval from November 10th, 2021 to use the "5G Advanced" logo on his presentations covering "5G Advanced" standard specifications. |
10:45 am - 11:05 am | Coffee Talk Coffee & Snacks at HanaHaus Title of Talk: Cloud Service Architecture Mehmet Toy, Associate Verizon Fellow
Mehmet Toy received his Ph.D degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ; and B.S and M.S in Electronics and Communications Engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. He is currently an Associate Fellow in Verizon Communications Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ and involved in the architecture, implementation, testing, APIs, orchestration, analytics; and standards of virtual networks and services, Intent-based Networking, 5G/Network Slicing, and Multi-Access Edge Computing. Dr. Toy is a Life Sr. Member of IEEE and a Distinguished Fellow of MEF leading projects involved in definition of Edge Computing Services, Service Elasticity APIs, and Service Topology. Prior to joining Verizon, he held individual contributor and management positions at various levels in start-ups and well-known companies as well as tenure-track Associate and Adjunct Professor at universities in USA and Turkey. He has served in IEEE-USA, IEEE ComSoc, IEEE 1588 Conformity Alliance, 3GPP2, ITU-T, IETF, ETSI, LF-Anuket, ONAP, LF-Akraino, MEF, IEEE Communications Magazine, and IEEE Network Magazine at various capacities for more than three decades, including chairing ITU-T FGNET2030 Architecture Group, chairing IEEE ComSoc Cable Networks and Services Committee, and serving in the Open Cloud Connect (OCC) Forum Board. Dr. Toy delivered multiple key-note speeches in conferences; and has authored eight books, an IEEE video tutorial, four IETF RFCs, nineteen IETF drafts, an ETSI NFV standard, three MEF standards (one in progress), one IEEE standard, and numerous articles and standards contributions. He holds eighteen patents. For his contributions, he has received multiple outstanding contributor, top contributor, innovator, and leadership awards from Bell Labs, Comcast, Verizon, IEEE-USA, Open Cloud Connect Forum (OCC), and MEF. |
| 11:05 am - 11:35 am | Private 5G Sukhdev Kapur, Distinguished Engineer, Juniper
Bio: Sukhdev Kapur is Distinguished Engineer at Juniper Networks. He is part of CTO organization and is driving the Contrail architecture, 5G, Edge, and Cloud Native initiatives. He is on the TSC (Technical Steering Committee) of Akraino Edge Stack as well as TSC of Tungsten Fabric. He is active contributor in CNTT (Cloud Infrastructure Telco Taskforce), active participant in TIP (Telecom Infrastructure Project) , and CNCF TUG (Telecom Users Group). He was active contributor to the development of Neutron, Ironic, and other OpenStack projects as well. Sukhdev is a networking veteran with over 20 years experience in highly available distributed systems, cloud computing, virtualization, disaster recovery, policy based mobile workloads management, and software defined networks. He has held architectural positions in Arista Networks, F5, Cisco, Alteon, and others. Sukhdev holds several patents in cloud computing, hierarchical data center deployments, cloud based disaster recovery, high availability, data center fabric automation, etc. |
| 11:35 am - 12:05 pm |
Speaker: Olivier Bernard Bio: Olivier Bernard is the Director of High-Performance IoT at Arm, responsible for identifying and building IoT opportunities for OEM and ODMs through ecosystem development, uses case concepts and strategic partnerships across the IoT value chain. Prior to joining Arm, he was the Executive Vice-President for Maestro Wireless, a Hong Kong based IoT start-up where he founded their American subsidiary. Before 2008, he held various leadership positions with a few start-ups, and additional management positions in Business Development, Strategy and Engineering for CEL (Renesas), Litton Industries and California Amplifier. |
| 12:05 pm -1:00 pm | FREE Lunch at HanaHaus from Taste Restaurant (Palo Alto) (http://www.tastepaloalto.com) Lunch Talk Speaker: Moshe Shadmon
Bio: Moshe Shadmon, Founder and CEO at AnyLog. AnyLog transforms Edge Nodes that capture IoT data to a virtualized cloud. AnyLog enables companies to run their AI and predictive maintenance applications at the Edge to provide real-time control, orchestration, visualization, and monitoring for industrial machinery, smart cities, smart grids, connected cars, and the like. Presented LIVE at HanaHaus |
1:00 pm - 1:45 pm Talk, Q&A | Talk Title – – Introducing Metaverse-ready Networks and recap from MWC’22 Presented LIVE at HanaHaus
Name – Shah Rahman Position Title – Director of Engineering Group – Meta Connectivity Bio – Shah leads the connectivity infrastructure software team at the Connectivity group of Meta — a group missioned to bring more people online to a faster Internet. His team is developing an open-source network core stack, Magma, an unlicensed mmWave stack, Terragraph, and several pioneering industry-wide initiatives to help network operators and service providers build open, cheaper and better cellular and wireless networks (O-RAN, Evenstar, TIP OpenCore, Private 5G, …) Shah brought almost two decades of org leadership and product building experience to Meta. Most of that are from equipment vendors - Cisco, Ericsson and a couple of startups; and was part of several world and industry firsts, incl., 4G / LTE and WiMAX launches. The mission of connecting the world, bringing the unconnected people online and bridging the digital divide are very exciting to him, where he can apply his vision for novel network architectures, models, and frameworks that leverage disaggregation, cloudification, convergence and automation towards simpler, yet more powerful network infrastructure for the always connected, always on world in the post pandemic era. His team is working on important components of Meta’s vision of building metaverse over the next decade. Shah holds a masters from Stanford University and a bachelors from University of Queensland, Australia — both in Electrical Engineering. He is an inventor of 21 patents. |
| 1:45 pm - 2:00 pm | Name – Jane Shen Position Title – VP of Technology Strategy Group – Mavenir Bio – Talk Title – Presented LIVE at HanaHaus |
| 2:00 pm - 2:30pm, including Q&A | EdgeStream™ Edge Computing and Streaming Platform
Jeff Brower, Signalogic, CEO As edge computing and edge clouds decentralize from public clouds the need increases for small, energy efficient edge nodes to perform optimized inference, media processing, content recognition, and malware detection, as well as reliably stream data to each other. EdgeStream addresses this need, based on software developed by Signalogic for telecom, signal processing, lawful interception, speech recognition, and other use case areas for a wide variety of corporate customers and US gov agencies, including DoE and NSF. Presented LIVE at HanaHaus |
| 2:30 pm -3:00 pm | Introduction to CPS Robot Blueprint family Fukano Haruhisa Fujitsu Robotics is an important tool for achieving the SDGs. Workers will be able to focus on decent work and new innovation by improvement of labor productivity , as a result, they can move toward new economic growth. However, there are industries where it is difficult to apply current robotics. For example, agriculture, restaurant, food factory, etc.. The biggest challenge current robotics faces in the industry is how to control elastic and non-uniform object under variable circumstance. To apply robotics to any industry easily, this blueprint family develop and provide open software stack which can achieve the challenge. Introduction to Smart data transaction for CPS Fukano HaruhisaFujitsu Smart Data Transaction for CPS - Akraino - Akraino Confluence Cyber physical systems which combine sensor network with computing to monitor and control the physical environment become popular. The bandwidth of the sensor network depends on use cases. Large amounts of data from large amounts of sensor nodes will pressure the NW bandwidth between edge and clouds. Therefore, we need to have a means to optimize each NW bandwidth according to use cases. This blueprint propose a solution for NW bandwidth optimization. |
Thursday,
Zoom link -- please share with your friends and colleagues: https://zoom.us/j/95839816630?pwd=QnV6STRWemkwY2d4K3BpNzVjZll0Zz09
Live Stream Link:
Meeting Recording - Day 3
Time Zone: All times below are US Pacific Time Zone
Time | Topics |
7:00 am - 7:20 am speech 7:20 am - 7:45 am Q&A | Wrestling with Internet Alligators
|
| 7:45 am - 8:00 am | |
| 8:00 am - 8:15 am | Topic: Building Innovative Solutions On Edge with Alibaba Cloud
Zhenhui helps to build and customize Edge Cloud products to satisfy the needs of international customers and drive business growth of Edge Cloud BU outside China. Before joining Alibaba Cloud, Zhenhui spent his time in the U.S., working for Akamai Technologies, a pioneer in the CDN industry. |
| 8:15 am - 8:45 am | Talk Title – ETSI ZSM: Unlocking 5G and Beyond Business Opportunities with Zero-touch Network and Service Automation
Name – Nurit Sprecher Position Title – Head of Management, Virtualization, and Application Enablement standardization at Nokia Group – ETSI ZSM VC Bio – Nurit Sprecher at Nokia leads the company’s standardization strategy and activities in the areas of management, virtualization and application enablement and is a distinguished member of the Nokia technical committee. Nurit initiated and drove the industry effort to set up the ETSI ISG MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing) and successfully chaired the ISG during its first two-year term. Nurit played an instrumental role in the creation of the ETSI ISG ZSM (Zero-touch network and Service Management) and serves as the vice chair of the group. She is an ETSI Fellow. With 30 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, Nurit has spent many years working as an expert system architect and technologist, defining the carrier-grade network and service architecture evolution and working on system design. Nurit has contributed to many projects carried out in ETSI, IETF, ITU-T SG15, IEEE and BBF and has participated in core discussions on the Next Generation Network with Tier-1 carriers and a number of governments. She has spoken at many conferences and is a contributing author to numerous publications. |
| 8:45 am - 8:50 am | Dr. Inam |
| 8:50 am - 9:00 am | Break |
| 9:00 am - 9:45 am | Where the Edges Meet, Infra Forms and Apps Land How DevOps driven optimally deployed infrastructure and software will make 5G a reality 5G represents a dramatic technological inflection point, where the cellular wireless network becomes capable of delivering significant improvements in capacity and performance. However, the technology in and of itself, cannot deliver intended service capabilities for the users and their use cases. What is needed is optimally deployed infrastructure on which the promises of technology can be delivered and the software that can orchestrate this infrastructure to enable desired capabilities and performance. This talk will provide an overview of the infrastructure deployment considerations for supporting 5G requirements and how DevOps driven orchestration and automation are becoming an integral part of deployment tools. Oleg Berzin Fellow, Technology and Architecture, OCTO, Equinix; Co-Chair Akraino TSC
Bio: Oleg Berzin is a Fellow, Technology and Architecture in the Office of the CTO at Equinix where he is responsible for development of innovation strategies and prototypes in the areas of Mobile and Fixed Edge Infrastructures, Internet of Things, Next Generation Interconnection, Virtualization, and Network Automation. He received his Ph.D. from Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Berzin worked at Verizon for 20 years, where he held technology leadership roles, including development of the 4G LTE network and capabilities for enterprise mobile and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) services. He is honored to be serving as Co-chair of the Linux Foundation Edge Akraino Technical Steering Committee and as Project Technical Lead of the Akraino Public Cloud Edge Interface blueprint. |
| 9:45 am - 10:15 am | Beth F Cohen
Topic: Anuket Virtualized Telecom Infrastructure Reference Model -- Why it is important for Akraino Abstract: Anuket which is the merger of CNTT and OPNFV is creating a reference model and reference architectures to support cloud native workloads (VM or Containers or whatever). It also has a conformance, testing and badging program called Anuket Assured that promotes wider adoption of Anuket across the telecom industry. More on the project and how to get involved can be found on the Anuket website, Slides: Bio: |
| 10:15 - 10:55 am | Topic: Nodus - a networking solution for Kubernetes Speaker: Kuralamudhan Ramakrishnan Position Title: Technical Lead, Intel |
Live Site Information
When: 9:00a - 3:00p, March 9th (Wed) 2022
Where: HanaHaus + Blue Bottle Coffee
Address: 456 University Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94301
websites: HanaHaus (click on Palo Alto), bluebottlecoffee.com
Parking
1) There is a parking lot right in the back of the HanaHaus building with 2 hour free parking, at the corner of Hamilton Ave & Cowper St.
2) There is a nearby garage in between Cowper St & Webster St that provides 3 hour free parking. The garage also has a machine to purchase a day permit for $25.
3) Palo Alto City Parking: https://www.cityofpaloalto.org/Departments/Transportation/Parking/Visitors/All-Day-Visitor-Parking-Permits
Zoom link -- please share with your friends and colleagues
https://zoom.us/j/95839816630?pwd=QnV6STRWemkwY2d4K3BpNzVjZll0Zz09
HanaHaus Workspace Terms of Use
Below is the HanaHaus "Workspace Terms of Use". Please read and make sure you can comply.
HanaHaus Covid-19 Health Screening
Below is the HanaHaus "Covid-19 Health Screening" doc. Again, please read and make sure you can comply. Updates (current as of March 3rd, 2022). If any info conflicts with the screening doc the updates supersede:
(i) HanaHaus does not check for proof of vaccination
(ii) As of March 2nd 2022, Santa County County rescinded it's indoor mask mandate, with which HanaHaus is complying, so masks are not required upon entry, in general areas like the coffee/snack bar and meeting tables, or inside meeting rooms
Of course wearing a mask may well be appropriate depending on your personal situation and beliefs, so if you want to wear a mask, by all means do so ! Otherwise, if Santa Clara County or HanaHaus rules make you uncomfortable in any way, definitely do not attend in person.
Note in the above screening doc, this text:
"You attest that: You and your guests have not been diagnosed with Coronavirus/Covid-19 and not yet cleared as non contagious by state or local public health authorities."
does not make sense. The text "and not yet" should be "or have been". I have pointed this out to HanaHaus management. Evidently they received basic form text from Santa Clara county and then modified it somewhat, ending up with a contradictory clause.